ELBOW, FOREARM OR HAND PAIN? GOLFER’S ELBOW? ⠀ PRONATOR TERES MUSCLE ⠀ [ANATOMY, FUNCTION, PATHOLOGY & PALPATION] ⠀ The pronator teres is an elongated, cylindrical forearm muscle that crosses the gap between radius and ulna. ⠀ It’s the strongest of the two pronator muscles. However, it is only active during rapid or resisted forearm pronation, which it carries out with help from the pronator quadratus. Notably, it also plays a minor role in elbow flexion. ⠀ It is part of the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm. ⠀ The pronator teres, which has a humeral head and an ulnar head, is found lateral to the palmaris longus and medial to the flexor carpi radialis. Its ulnar head is deep to the flexor carpi radialis, and the distal end of the muscle is deep to the brachioradialis. ⠀ From their origins on the distal humerus and proximal ulna, the parallel-oriented fibers of the pronator teres travel inferolaterally and converge before inserting on the lateral radius. The muscle has a fusiform shape and is innervated by the median nerve. ⠀ If you overload your pronator teres, it develops excessive tension and will be eventually afflicted with TPs. Then it might create pain in the ulnar region of your wrist and your whole volar forearm . ⠀ The pronator teres has a tendency to become overactive and short due to overuse. Overuse is caused by repetitive activities involving a pronated forearm position or active forearm pronation movement, including throwing, some tennis strokes, swinging a bat or golf club, and turning a screwdriver or wrench. Also, exercises that involve holding the forearm in a pronated position and isometrically contracting the pronator teres can also contribute to overuse (e.g. reverse curls, reverse wrist curls, bench press, overhand rows, pull up). As the pronator teres becomes tighter and shorter, tension throughout the muscle increases and tissue quality deteriorates, which often leads to one of the two injuries: ▪️Pronator Teres Syndrome . Entrapment of the median nerve as it passes between the two heads of the pronator teres ▪️Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s elbow)